Thermodynamics

Before our periodic test, were about to learned the concept of Thermodynamics, Heat and Expansion. An activity were given by our adviser and we need to find out what is totally the problem is.

Let’s start! I would like to define first the thermodynamics system wherein this is the quantity of matter or a region of space chosen for study.

As what I have learned in our lessons generally on these concepts: Thermodynamics, Heat and Expansion. Where Mr. Sahin mentioned these concepts were the course of solving the dilemma.

Additionally, let’s take a look on what the laws of thermodynamics is all about. One of the laws is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. In which this law states that if A and B systems are in thermal balance, A system is in thermal balance with system C, which is in thermal balance, and C system is in thermal balance with B system. This state of equilibrium is defined as temperature. The significance of this law was recognized only after the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics had been named. Since it is fundamental to all of them, the name “zeroth” seemed appropriate.

When 2 systems are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have the same temperature. This what makes a thermometer useful; a thermometer actually measures its own temperature, but when a thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with another body, the temperatures must be equal. When the temperatures of two systems are different, they cannot be in thermal equilibrium.

Then after that let’s talk about heat, heat is the energy transferred from a hot object to a cold object when two objects are in interaction. In the given situation, the heat resulting from when the heating system is in operation (fuel is consumed), causes the water to evaporate and a steady decrease in the water occurs and stops the system (it is believed that the water may evaporate from the open ends found on the radiator cores and in the water tank in the heating system). And because of these, I have learned that evaporation is the phenomenon in which liquids are heated and are converted to gas. Hence, the heat obtained from two interacting systems is equal to the heat emitted.

On the other hand, on heat exchange of matter, temperature is defined as a measure of the average amount of kinetic energy possessed by the particles in a sample of matter. The more the particles vibrate, translate and rotate, the greater the temperature of the object. Heat is also as a flow of energy from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object. It is the temperature difference between the two neighboring objects that causes this heat exchange. Furthermore, the heat exchange of matter continues until the two objects have reached thermal equilibrium and are at the same temperature.

Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature of matter 1°C. These changes according to the type of matter. This is a differentiating property of matter. Heat of evaporation is also defined in our activity and this is the energy required for a unit mass of matter that has come to boiling point to evaporate. Heat is also computed in the equation of (q=mc∆T).

Mr. Lex Supnet, our Physics Teacher also discussed about the concept of expansion. Expansion happens when objects are exposed to heat, their molecules start to move faster and the distance between them increases. As a result, the object expands, or in other words, its volume increases.

In addition, all expansions are actually increases in volume. When a long iron rod is heated, it lengthens and its thickness increases as well. Since the increase in its thickness, though, is negligible compared to the growth in its length, this expansion is described as only “enlargement.” The same thing happens in surface expansion. When the surface of a metal sheet expands, this expansion is much greater than the increase in its thickness, and thus the expansion in the thickness is neglected. This is called surface expansion.

Consequently, a heated solid material will expand in all three dimensions, expansion in solids occurs in the following way: (1) Linear – is defined as change is only the length of the solid, wherein, ∆L is the change in length, L₀ is the original length, ∆T is the change of the temperature and alpha is the different materials (∆L= L₀alpha∆T) . (2) Superficial – also called area expansion which the change in area, the following are the formula of area expansion (∆A= A₀β∆T). And lastly, (3) Cubical or Volume expansion wherein it is the change of volume in a solid (∆V= V₀δ∆T).

We found out that the place where the water had leaked. When we opened it up and took a look, we saw that a nail had been driven into one of the pipes in the plumbing. Different views of the nail driven into the pipe can be seen below. The water outflow occurs after the system is heated up. In other words, the expansion of the embedded nail and the pipe with the increase in the heat is what leads to the water loss.

To sum it up, after answering the sessions’ parts, from the first problem, with heating the house after the system is turned on, the radiators no longer give out any heat. Down to the time, it is worth solving those problems for Mr. Sahin for he already found the cause of the heating system, which is not functioning efficiently. Out of the four hypotheses that we have formulated, only one of which is the main cause of the said problem and that there was a water seepage in the parts of the installation where the pipes are hidden. There is no problem with the connection in plumbing nor the evaporation of water in the boiler. Likewise, there’s no problem also to a neighbor’s complaint about the water dripping down their ceiling. With all these lessons, I learned that dimensions increase when matter is heated. That dimensions change when temperatures of matter change and which properties of matter expansion depends on.

Again, after all lessons in the 1^st Semester, I could say that Physics is always a breathe taking subject although you can learned a lot of new things, a lot of questions to be answered, that’s why when things will be happen I’ve knew already the reason why a certain thing is done.

                                                                                 -Rycel-J A. Retuerne-

                                                                                          12-Socrates

 

Standing Waves and Resonance

“Music short-circuits the senses with a direct pathway into human emotion.”

    Our world has music for those who listen, variety of sounds that our everyday life encounter. Things has always a science concept behind it.

    Moving on, we have again a new topic which is Standing Waves and Resonance, our physics teacher clarifies what sound is.

     After Sir Lex elaborate the concept of sounds I’ve learned already what sound is, which is sounds have one thing in common. This being that the vibrations of an object makes every sound. When an object vibrates, it causes the air around it to vibrate. The vibrations in the air travel out from all directions of the object. However, sounds moves in waves through the air or some other medium.

      In addition, there are two categories of waves:

Electromagnetic

Mechanical

   The first one is the electromagnetic waves which is a wave that is capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum. It produced by the vibration of charged particles. It produced on the sun subsequently travel to Earth through the vacuum of outer space and light waves are examples of electromagnetic waves.

     While mechanical waves is a wave that is not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum. It requires a medium in order to transport their energy from one location to another. Hence, sound wave is an example of a mechanical wave. However, sound waves are incapable of traveling through a vacuum and it requires some medium in order to exist.

    Furthermore, mechanical waves can be spread transversely or longitudinally. In both cases, only the energy of wave motion is spread through medium. As the waves caused by the moving object travel outward, they are carried by a medium.

    Transverse wave is defined as a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction that the wave moves. As the energy is transported from left to right, the individual coils of the medium will be displaced upwards and downwards. Thus, the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction that the pulse moves.

      On the other hand, longitudinal waves is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves. As the energy is transported from left to right, the individual coils of the medium will be displaced leftwards and rightwards. Thus, the particles of the medium move parallel to the direction that the pulse moves.

      Additionally, for us a deeper understanding into the concept our physics adviser show us an activity using resonance tube. He said that this will be the most irritating or annoying activity we will do. With these activity we’ve learned that when the Resonance only occurs when the first object is vibrating at the natural frequency of the second object. So if the frequency at which the tuning sound is not identical to one of the natural frequencies of the air column inside the resonance tube, resonance will not occur and the two objects will not sound out together with a loud sound.

    Moreover, if a medium is bounded such that its opposite ends can be considered free, anti-node will then be found at the ends. The simplest standing wave that can form under these circumstances has one node in the middle. This is half a wavelength. To make the next possible standing wave, place another anti-node in the center. We now have one whole wavelength. To make the third possible standing wave, divide the length into thirds by adding another anti-node. This gives us one and a half wavelengths.

Likewise, it should become evident that we will get the same relationships for the standing waves formed between two free ends that we have for two fixed ends. The only difference is that the nodes have been replaced with antinodes and vice versa.

After all of these I’ve learned a lot and understand the concept behind sound and not just sound but a deeper understanding behind the concept of sound. I cannot just listen to the music but rather than apply what I’ve learned and if there is cases that will happen I know something why a certain thing is done.

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SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

This week we had again an activity and it’s all about simple harmonic motion. In this activity, we had first take home a video about harmonic motion and it discussed everything about it.

Simple harmonic motion is all about motion under a retarding force proportional to the amount of displacement from an equilibrium position or simply the object moves towards equilibrium because of restoring force and considering the factors affecting the equilibrium which  we can determine the maximum or minimum of the position, velocity, and acceleration wherein if you mind a young girl in a swing when she puts her tension towards left as the starting point the position towards left is maximum, the velocity of the young girl is minimum or zero and there is a great acceleration towards coming from the left and when it reaches to the middle there is now maximum velocity because of continuous back and forth of the swing so there is minimum acceleration on the middle.

We’re also able to experience and see how it work using our devices and we’re able to know the factor affects in a spring oscillator and pendulum which is given as example to the video we’ve watched.

One of the important characteristics in this two  objects is their period. First, is the spring oscillator wherein if you increase the mass the period will be longer and if we increase the stiffness the shorter the period when it bounce up and down to its equilibrium. On the other hand, the period of the pendulum increases when the length also increases while the period of the pendulum decreases when the gravitational field strength is increases.

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In addition, there is an equation to compute the period of the spring and pendulum which can be shown below

Moreover, the pictures shown the factors affecting spring (mass and stiffness) and pendulum (length and gravitational field strength).

For me, the relevance of this lesson is to be able for us students to get familiarize on what really affects the period it takes to complete one cycle for a mass-spring oscillator or pendulum. And this is somehow in line with our previous lesson about Law of Universal Gravitation (LUG), wherein the force of gravitational attraction is directly dependent upon the masses of both objects. Just like the spring oscillator wherein if you want to increase the period, it must be depend on the mass that you’re gonna put on it.

By the help of this lesson we can be able to use it in our daily life and we can been able to determine certain things like for example  the string on a guitar that alters sound depending on the length of the string allowed to vibrate. “minsan hindi mo na kailangan umasa pang may babalik pa para sayo, dahil hindi ibig sabihin na kahit mahal kaniya ay babalikan ka niya, minsan kahit malayo siya bigla na lang naglalaho, wala kanang babalikan! Pero iisa lang ang mananatiling babalik balik sayo! Ang SAKIT na INIWAN niya sayu, babalik balik ito sa puso mo at ipararamdam niya sayu Tama na! Wala kanang Babalikan….

Law of Universal Gravitation and Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion.

       Few days ago we had again an activity, so Sir Lex instructed us to bring materials such as long bond paper, push pins, ruler and string that we’re going to use for making our output which is to draw elliptical. Elliptical is like a stretched out circle. Using the 2 push pins and the string it will serve as a compass to create an elliptical shape and the 2 push pins determines the focus, it means there are two focus inside the elliptical, one focus is to the sun and we’ve also name our own planet. But that is not the only thing we did, behind this drawing activity, we should be able to understand well the lesson especially when our teacher explained the topic which is the Law of Universal Gravitation and Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion.

    Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

     Using the formula F= G m1 m2 / r2 where F is the force between the masses, G is the gravitational constant (universal gravitational constant, Newton’s constant) G is 6.673×10⁻¹¹Nm^2/kg² m1 is the first mass, m2 is the second mass, and r is distance between the centers of the masses, we can easily find the gravitational force.

   The gravitational force is proportional to the interacting objects which is mass 1 and mass 2, this means that the more massive the objects be, the greater it’s gravitational force. Thus, if both masses is quadrupled (4M & 4M), the gravitational force will be 16 F.

    Meanwhile, on the square of the radius or distance, the further the two masses are from each other, the lower their gravitational force be. Therefore, if the separation distance of the two masses are quadrupled (4 raised to the second power), then the force of gravitational attraction is decreased by a factor of 16. A sample is shown below to further illustrate the concept:

  Another lesson we’ve tackle is the Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion which has three laws:

    Kepler’s First Law, and also knows as the Law of Ellipse, the sun is not at the center of the ellipse, but is instead at one focus, generally there is nothing at the other focus of the ellipse. The planet then follows the ellipse in its orbit, which means that the Earth-Sun distance is constantly changing as the planet goes around its orbit.

    And when the two focus gets closer the orbit becomes circle and it means the force and the gravity remains constant. Hence, the distance between of focus, center, major axis and minor axis can be solved using Pythagorean Theorem (c²=a²+b²).

    Next is the Law of Equal Areas wherein the line joining the sun and planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, so the planet moves faster when it is nearer the sun. Thus, a planet executes elliptical motion with constantly changing angular speed as it moves about its orbit. The point of nearest approach of the planet to the sun is termed perihelion; the point of greatest separation is termed aphelion. Therefore, by Kepler’s second law, the planet moves fastest when it is near perihelion and slowest when it is near aphelion. Furthermore, when the planet goes nearer to the sun it increases force and gravitational while when it goes further the force and gravitation decreases.

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   Kepler’s second law also heped Newton come up with his Law of Universal Gravitation.

  Lastly, the Kepler’s third law is the law of harmonies, one of the factor affecting harmonic motion is restoring force which the position, velocity and acceleration of an object must observed. There are two best examples objects of harmonic motion, the spring oscillator and the pendulum, but there are also factors that affects to this two objects. First, the spring oscillator affects the period, the period increase when mass increases and the period decreases when the stiffness increases. Lastly, pendulum affect also its period, the period increases when the length increases and the period decreases when the gravitational force increases.

    There are also formula’s in Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion wherein T² = kR³ where T represents time in years, k has a value of [1yr²/AU³]; and R represents the distance in AU. In Keplers third law, the distance between Sun & Earth or any planet to sun is called 1 Astronomical Unit or 1 AU, k is also constant which is 2.97×10^-19s²/m³=(T²)(R³)

    To sum it up, the two laws are alike together in a way that the forces that holds the planets follows an elliptical path in their orbits by continuously changing the planet’s velocity. Simply, the force of Newton’s law of universal gravitation implies the Kepler’s law and the planets to do the same laws of motion as objects on the surface of the Earth.

  Newton’s laws of Motion the reason why it is claimed axioms, which means a proposition regarded as self-evidently true without proof. Because as we all knew, experience or actually happened in front of you is the best way to answer a question caused you have a proof to back you up.

  Meanwhile, Kepler’s laws are said to be empirical laws, which means verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment. We all knew that they are the people travelling outside the Earth surface to study about the universe, planets and other objects it. People like them are smart to observe and to gather knowledge to this kind of motion between planets and sun. We are lucky enough to know this, because limited people are only free to travel in the solar system.

Physics is always a breathe taking subject but i love learning topics, gathering information and to add more my knowledge.

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